Effects of socioeconomic status on baseline values and outcomes at 24 months in the Treatment of Advanced Glaucoma Study randomised controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with late disease presentation and poorer outcomes. We evaluate the effect of SES on treatment outcomes and report the correlation between SES and baseline characteristics of participants in the Treatment of Advanced Glaucoma Study. METHODS: Pragmatic multicentre randomised controlled trial. Four hundred and fifty-three patients presenting with advanced open-angle glaucoma in at least one eye (Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson classification). Participants were randomised to either glaucoma drops (medical arm) or trabeculectomy (surgery arm). Clinical characteristics, Quality of life measurement (QoL) and SES defined by the Index of Multiple Deprivation are reported. Subgroup analysis explored treatment effect modifications of SES at 24 months. Correlation between SES and baseline characteristics was tested with the χ2 test of association for dichotomous variables and pairwise Pearson's correlation for continuous variables. RESULTS: The mean visual field mean deviation was -17.2 (6.7)dB for the most deprived quintile of participants and -13.0 (5.5) for the least deprived quintile in the index eye. At diagnosis, there was a strong correlation between SES and ethnicity, age, extent of visual field loss and number of visits to opticians prior to diagnosis. At 24 months, there was no evidence that the treatment effect was moderated by SES. CONCLUSIONS: In patients presenting with advanced glaucoma. SES at baseline is correlated with poorer visual function, poorer Visual Function Questionnaire-25 QoL, ethnicity, age and number visits to an optician in the years preceding diagnosis. SES at baseline does not have an effect of the success of treatment at 24 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN56878850.

Renal impairment may indicate postoperative low vision in young patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitrectomy.

Objective: To innovatively evaluate the impact of renal impairment in young work age patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) on their visuality after vitrectomy. Methods: To find out whether it is possible to better predict the improvement of visual acuity after vitrectomy in working-age people without adding additional preoperative testing. In view of the fact that diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy are common diabetic complications of microvascular damage, it is considered whether preoperative renal function can be used as this evaluation index. This paper studies the design under this theme. This retrospective study included 306 patients (306 eyes) diagnosed with PDR and undergoing vitrectomy in our hospital from January 2016 to June 2023. Relevant baseline data were collected, including age, history of kidney disease and clinical laboratory test results. According to the International Standard Logarithmic Visual Acuity Checklist, the best corrected visual acuity was tested on the first day of admission and one month after surgery, and the difference between the two was subtracted. A difference >0 was defined as "vision improved". Patients were classified as vision-improved group (n=245) and non-improved group (n=61). The differences in baseline serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, Cystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urine protein distribution between the two groups were statistically analyzed, binary regression analysis was performed for meaningful parameters, and random forest model ranked the characteristics in importance. Results: 1.A higher level of serum cystatin C [1.02(0.80,1.48) mg/L vs 0.86(0.67,1.12) mg/L, P<0.001] and a lower eGFR [82.3(50.33, 115.11) ml/(min/1.73m²) vs 107.69(73.9, 126.01) ml/(min/1.73m²), P=0.002] appeared in the non-(vision-)improved group compared with the vision-improved group. 2. The occurrence of preoperation proteinuria history of nephropathy take a larger proportion in non-improved group. 3. Univariate regression analysis showed history of nephrology (OR=1.887, P=0.028), preoperative serum urea nitrogen (OR=0.939, P=0.043), cystatin C (Cys-C) concentration (OR=0.75, P=0.024), eGFR (OR=1.011, P=0.003) and proteinuria (OR=3.128, P<0.001) were influencing factors to postoperative visual acuity loss in young working age PDR patients. Excluding other confounding factors, preoperative proteinuria is an independent risk factor for postoperative vision improvement in working-age PDR populations (OR=2.722, P=0.009). 4. The accuracy of the prediction random forst model is 0.81. The model appears to be superior in terms of positive prediction. Conclusion: In young work aged PDR patients undergoing vitrectomy, preoperative urine protein can be an independent indicator of postoperative visual loss. Aggressive correction of kidney injury before surgery may help improve postoperative vision in patients with PDR.

Indications and prognosis for keratoplasty in eyes with severe visual impairment and blindness due to corneal disease in India.

PURPOSE: To describe the indications and prognosis for keratoplasty in eyes with severe visual impairment and blindness due to corneal diseases in India. METHODS: This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 1 057 215 new patients presenting to a multitier ophthalmology network from 2016 to 2018. All patients with a central corneal pathology and best corrected visual acuity of less than 20/200 in the affected eye(s) were identified as cases and grouped according to laterality. The main outcome measure was the prognosis for keratoplasty, based on the surgical indication. RESULTS: A total of 28 824 (2.73%) patients were identified with severe visual impairment or blindness due to corneal diseases; of which, 22 582 (78.3%) had unilateral and 6242 (21.7%) had bilateral affliction. Overall, 85% of the corneal pathologies were due to avoidable causes, which accounted for 97% and 63% of the unilateral and bilateral cases, respectively (p<0.0001). The most common aetiologies were microbial keratitis (27.2%) and corneal opacification (25.5%) in unilateral cases; and corneal opacification (38.2%) and ectasias (14.5%) in bilateral cases. Overall, 60.1% of affected eyes carried a fair to poor prognosis for keratoplasty. However, while in unilateral cases only 29.9% of eyes carried good to excellent prognosis for keratoplasty, in bilateral cases, 58% of eyes carried good to excellent prognosis for keratoplasty (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The indications and prognosis for keratoplasty varied greatly based on whether the affliction was unilateral or bilateral. Most of the eyes affected by corneal visual impairment or blindness, however, carried an unfavourable prognosis for keratoplasty.

Pérdida de agudeza visual progresiva en paciente con proptosis. Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Progressive visual impairment in a patient with proptosis. Case report and review of the literature.

Introducción: a raíz del siguiente reporte de caso clínico se pretende repensar el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores orbitales y revisar la literatura existente al respecto. Caso: paciente de 54 años, fumadora, acude a nuestro centro por una pérdida de agudeza visual progresiva de dos años de evolución en el ojo derecho, que se acompañaba de proptosis. Las pruebas de imagen basadas en resonancia magnética y tomografía por emisión de positrones ­ tomografía computarizada (PET-TC) realizadas describían una lesión intraconal derecha de morfología indefinida, que rodeaba el nervio óptico. El estudio inmunohistoquímico y molecular anatomopatológico confirmó la sospecha de síndrome linfoproliferativo extranodal de bajo grado. Discusión: el manejo endoscópico de estas lesiones puede resultar en una menor comorbilidad en comparación con el abordaje externo tradicional. El papel de la cirugía radica en la obtención de una muestra de la lesión que permita un correcto diagnóstico. Conclusiones: el abordaje multidisciplinar con oftalmólogos, hematólogos y expertos en radioterapia permite obtener buenos resultados quirúrgicos y clínicos en la inmensa mayoría de casos.

Introduction: as result of the following clinical case report, we intend to review the differential diagnosis of orbital tumors and review the existing literature in this regard. Case report: a 54-year-old smoking patient, consulted to our department due to a progressive visual impairment over the last two years in her right eye. She presented proptosis in her clinical examination. Imaging studies based on MRI and PET-CT described a right intraconal lesion with an undefined morphology surrounding the optic nerve. Orbital tumors differential diagnosis is delicate. Nevertheless, Non-Hodgkin lymphomas followed by metastasis are the two most common found in this location. The immunohistochemistry and molecular studies, confirmed the suspected diagnosis of extranodal low-grade lymphoproliferative syndrome. Discussion: endoscopic management of these lesions may result in a lower comorbidity compared to traditional external approaches. Role of surgery lays in obtainment of a quality sample which allows a proper diagnosis. Conclusions: multidisciplinary approach with ophthalmologists, hematologists and radiotherapy experts enhance good surgical and clinical results in the vast majority of cases.

Phacoemulsification in bilateral anterior lenticonus in Alport syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: To report the visual status and results of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in a young patient with Alport syndrome associated with bilateral anterior lenticonus. The milestone of this report is the use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to confirm the central protrusion of the anterior surface of the crystalline lens. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 23-year-old young woman presented with severe progressive visual loss in both eyes, which started several years ago. DIAGNOSES: Refractive status was indicative of high myopia with astigmatism and vision was not improved with optimal correction to better than 0.1 in the right eye and 0.2 in the left eye (visual acuities given in decimal notation). Slit-lamp examination showed transparent cornea, anterior lenticonus and posterior sub-capsular cataract in both eyes. The classical appearance of oil droplet was evident using retro-illumination on the slit lamp. INTERVENTIONS: The natural lenses were replaced with intraocular lens (IOL). OUTCOMES: An excellent refractive status achieved associated with an uncorrected distance visual acuity 0.9 and 0.8 in the right and left eye, respectively. LESSONS: AS-OCT is a valuable device for confirming the budging of the anterior crystalline lens surface.

Comparison of Optic Canal Diameter in Children With Malignant Infantile Osteopetrosis and Normal Children and the Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation on the Optic Canal Diameter.

PURPOSE: To investigate the difference in the optic canal diameter between children with autosomal recessive malignant infantile osteopetrosis and normal children, and to assess the influence of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on the optic canal diameter. METHODS: Twenty pediatric patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis and 22 normal control children were included in this study. Eleven patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The measurements included optical canal diameter and flash visual evoked potential. Comparisons of these measurements between patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis and normal controls as well as before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were performed. The correlation between age and optic canal diameter was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: The mean optic canal diameter before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 1.65 ± 0.54 mm in patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis and 3.38 ± 0.60 mm in the control group (P < .001). The mean optic canal diameter after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 2.72 ± 0.66 mm, which was significantly different from the pre-transplantation measurement (P < .001). The P2 latency for the flash visual evoked potential after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (152.3 ± 36.4 ms) was significantly less than that before transplantation (165.5 ± 27.7 ms; P = .051). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between age and optic canal diameter (r = 0.722, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The optic canal was narrower in pediatric patients with malignant infantile osteopetrosis than in age-matched normal controls. This condition can be relieved through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the impaired conductibility of the optic nerve can be improved in some cases. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(1):35-42.].

Implantation, removal and replacement of subretinal electronic implants for restoration of vision in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the efforts to restore vision through subretinal implants in patients with degenerative retinal diseases. In addition to the current technique and its latest improvements, it will focus on the surgical technique of implantation as well as explantation and reimplantation. RECENT FINDINGS: The durability of the current subretinal implant RETINA IMPLANT Alpha AMS has increased substantially compared with the predecessor model RETINA IMPLANT Alpha IMS. According to validated examinations in the laboratory, a median lifetime of 4.7 years will be reached in clinical use; in similar examinations, the previous model has reached only 8 months. Visual function has slightly increased. The surgical technique for subretinal implants is complex and demanding for ophthalmic surgeons, as it is multifaceted and combines novel surgical steps in areas, which are not commonly entered such as the suprachoroidal and the subretinal space. The surgical approach for implantation has matured considerably and has led to successful implantation in 64 patient cases. Surgical challenges are now mainly encountered with the exact subfoveal positioning of the device. The explantation procedure is relatively straight-forward because the implant can be withdrawn in a reverse direction along the already existent subretinal path. Reimplantations, however, are more challenging because some degree of scar tissue may exist along the path of the chip and around the scleral trapdoor. Nevertheless, reimplantations have now been carried out successfully in four patients. SUMMARY: The new RETINA IMPLANT Alpha AMS shows significantly improved durability compared with the predecessor model RETINA IMPLANT Alpha IMS. The subretinal implant offers excellent visual results but requires experienced surgeons. Explantation of devices is straight-forward, and reimplantations are challenging but have been successful in four patients.

Positive Visual Phenomena Following Implantation of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis.

A 62-year-old female who was legally blind secondary to retinitis pigmentosa (RP) developed new positive visual phenomena (PVP) ("visual storms") following implantation of the Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products, Sylmar, CA). The potential mechanisms for the exacerbating PVP or hallucinatory release phenomena are proposed. Clinicians should be aware of these visual phenomena in patients with RP and the potential for worsening of or de novo development of PVP in patients considering the Argus II implant. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:1022-1025.].

New Technique for Chiasmapexy Using Iliac Crest Bone Graft: 2 Cases of Visual Impairment Caused by Empty Sella Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Chiasmapexy is used to treat empty sella syndrome, and various materials are used for the elevation of the optic chiasm. However, the use of artificial substances may have the risk of graft infection, and fat and muscle may be absorbed over the long term after surgery. In addition, bone and cartilage may be unavailable in adequate amounts. Here, we describe a new technique for chiasmapexy using an iliac crest bone graft. CASE DESCRIPTION: The first patient was a 71-year-old woman who had undergone transsphenoidal surgery twice for the treatment of pituitary adenoma and Rathke cleft cyst. The optic chiasm collapsed after the second surgery and her visual field worsened gradually. We performed chiasmapexy using fat, fascia, and a septal mucosal flap, but the optic chiasm did not remain in the normal position because of graft shrinkage. Finally, we used an iliac crest bone graft, which resulted in good visual function. The second patient was a 58-year-old man who was incidentally diagnosed with empty sella syndrome. The patient's bitemporal hemianopia gradually progressed. As in the first case, we used an iliac crest bone graft, which halted the deterioration of visual function after chiasmapexy. CONCLUSIONS: The advantages of iliac bone are that it is less likely to absorb and become infected than synthetic materials. This method may be suitable for reoperative cases, especially those wherein the septal cartilage has been removed in a previous surgery. This method will halt visual deterioration and may be one of the considerable options for chiasmapexy operations.

Carotid-Falciform Optic Neuropathy: Microsurgical Treatment.

BACKGROUND: Several recent reports have implicated vascular ectasia and vessel contact in dysfunction of the visual apparatus. A subset of patients with prechiasmatic visual deterioration have an ectatic internal carotid artery (ICA) that displaces and flattens the optic nerve (ON) rostrally as the ON exits the skull base. We describe a proposed pathophysiologic mechanism and a straightforward surgical technique for dealing with this problem. METHODS: Via an ipsilateral pterional craniotomy, the bony roof of the optic canal is removed. The falciform ligament is opened in parallel to the ON. Adhesions between the ICA and ON are then dissected, and a Teflon pledget is placed between the ICA and ON to complete the decompression. RESULTS: Patients both in the literature and in this series experienced an improvement in their vision postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that 3 mechanisms contribute to this caroticofalciform optic neuropathy: 1) mass effect from ICA ectasia, 2) ON irritation from vessel pulsatility, and 3) indirect compression by the falciform ligament from above. This disease process can be treated safely using standard microsurgical techniques with excellent outcomes.

Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Urban and Rural Population in the South Indian State of Andhra Pradesh: Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment (RAVI) Project.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the visual outcomes after cataract surgery among urban and rural population aged ≥40 years in the South India state of Andhra Pradesh. METHODS: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in which 7800 subjects were sampled from two rural and one urban location. Visual Acuity was assessed and eye examination were performed by trained personnel. A questionnaire was used to collect personal and demographic information, and history of cataract surgery. Blindness and moderate Visual Impairment (MVI) was defined as presenting VA <6/60 and <6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye respectively. RESULTS: In total, 7378 (94.6%) were examined. Of these, 1228 eyes of 870 individuals were operated for cataract. The mean age of operated subjects was 63.7 years (SD: 10.7 years). Overall, 56.3% of those operated were women, 76% were illiterate and 42% of them were using spectacles after cataract surgery. Even after surgery, 12.2% of the operated eyes had MVI and blindness was seen in 14.7% of the eyes. A significantly higher proportion of subjects in urban area had good outcome as compared to those in the rural area (p = 0.01). Uncorrected refractive error (58.7%) was the leading cause of MVI, and posterior segment disease (34.3%) was the leading cause of blindness. On applying multiple logistic regression, risk factors for poor outcomes were age ≥ 70 years (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.8), rural residence (OR: 1.3, 95% CI:1.0-1.8) and presence of aphakia (OR: 8.9, 95% CI: 5.7-13.8). CONCLUSIONS: Post cataract surgery, refractive errors remain an important correctable cause of MVI, in the south Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The correction of refractive errors is required to provide good visual recovery and achieve the benefit of cataract surgery.

Surgical Approach, Findings, and Eight-Year Follow-Up in a Twenty-Nine Year Old Female With Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome Presenting With Blepharophimosis Causing Near-Complete Visual Obstruction.

The authors describe the surgical approach, findings, and 8-year follow-up in a 29-year-old woman, with severe Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, presenting with congenital blepharophimosis of both upper eyelids resulting in near-complete functional visual obstruction. To avoid possible Freeman-Sheldon syndrome-associated complications of malignant hyperthermia, difficult vascular access, and challenging endotracheal intubation, the surgery was completed under local anesthesia without sedation, and anatomical and functional correction was immediate and remained stable at 8-year follow-up. Unlike many congenital craniofacial syndromes, which frequently involve life-long impairments, important implications exist for plastic surgeons to facilitate opportunities for patients to overcome functional limitations.

Bilateral cloudy cornea: is the usual suspect congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy or stromal dystrophy?

We provide the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up period of a patient with cloudy cornea in both eyes from birth. A 4-year-old girl presented with blurring in both eyes. Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) was performed with the preliminary diagnosis of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy in June 2012. According to the pathology report for extracted host tissue, the Descemet's membrane (DM) and endothelium were healthy and diagnosis was reported to be congenital hereditary stromal dystrophy. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was performed on the left eye. The DM was transparent at follow-up. Cornea transplantation is the only choice to provide visual rehabilitation in children with congenital cloudy cornea. However, it is known that the prognosis of traditional PK in the paediatric age group is not good. Therefore, when using alternative keratoplasty (deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty) options, pathological examination of the host tissue should be made.

Visual recovery after retinal detachment with macula-off: is surgery within the first 72†h better than after?

AIMS: To investigate the influence of lag time between the onset of central visual acuity loss and surgical intervention of macula-off retinal detachment. METHODS: This retrospective case series examined all consecutively treated eyes with primary macula-off retinal detachment at the University Hospital Hamburg (Germany) from February 2010 to February 2015. Records of 1727 patients operated by six surgeons were reviewed. Eighty-nine eyes (5.2%) from 89 patients met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main outcome measure studied was final visual acuity as a function of symptom duration of macula-off detachment. Secondary outcome measures studied were influence of age and surgical technique. Symptom duration was defined as the time from the onset of loss of central vision to surgical intervention. RESULTS: After 10 days no clinically relevant difference was seen in final visual acuity. Eyes with symptom duration of 3 days or less achieved best final visual acuity (p<0.001). Age and preoperative visual acuity had no influence while vitrectomised eyes had better outcome compared with those with scleral buckling. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that 1. After 10 days of central visual acuity loss, the final visual outcome is clinically comparable and independent of further delay of surgery up to 30 days. 2. Eyes treated up to 3 days after onset of loss of central vision have better final visual acuity than eyes with longer lag time. However, we did not find statistically significant differences within the first 3 days. 3. Surgery for macula-off retinal detachment may therefore most likely not be postponed without compromising the patient's visual prognosis.

Sequential argon-YAG laser membranotomy of extensive persistent pupillary membrane with visual loss.

A 20-year-old woman, a registered nurse, presented with best-corrected visual acuity of 6/15 (20/50) due to bilateral extensive persistent pupillary membrane. Sequential argon laser photocoagulation of the iris strands at the pupillary membrane iris collarette followed by neodymium:YAG laser lysis resulted in partial clearing of the central visual axis without bleeding. Best-corrected visual acuity improved to 6/9 (20/30) bilaterally without complications noted 1 year after combined laser therapy.

Sinonasal carcinoma presenting as chronic sinusitis and sequential bilateral visual loss.

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma-related rhinogenic optic neuropathy is rare and may lead to visual loss. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bilateral sequential visual loss induced by this etiology. It is important to differentiate between chronic sinusitis and malignancy on the basis of specific findings on magnetic resonance images. Surgical decompression with multidisciplinary therapy, including steroids, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, is indicated. However, no visual improvement was noted in this case, emphasizing the rapid disease progression and importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Lens coloboma in one eye and ectopia lentis in the other eye of a patient with Marfan syndrome.

We present a case of Marfan syndrome with lens coloboma in one eye and ectopia lentis in the other. A 14-year-old girl reported decreased vision in the left eye. Her visual acuity was 6/24 and counting fingers at 1 m in the right and left eyes, respectively. Her intraocular pressure was 15 mm Hg in both eyes. Evaluation of the right eye on slit lamp biomicroscopy under mydriasis revealed an inferiorly visible flattened and concave crystalline lens equator from 4 to 8 o'clock position along with notching and absence of zonules, suggestive of lens coloboma. Left eye examination revealed a superiorly subluxated lens from 3 to 9 o'clock position and posterior subcapsular cataract. The posterior segment evaluation of both eyes was normal. Her father, aunt and grandfather were of tall stature, characteristic of Marfan syndrome. On systemic evaluation, the patient was diagnosed as Marfan syndrome. After surgical correction she achieved vision of 6/6 in both eyes.

Autoimmune hypophysitis presenting with intracranial multi-organ involvement: three case reports and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hypophysitis very rarely spreads to nearby organs outside the pituitary tissue, for unknown reasons, with only 5 reported cases of hypophysitis spreading over the cavernous sinus. CASE PRESENTATION: Three patients presented with cases of non-infectious hypophysitis spreading outside the pituitary tissue over the cavernous sinus. All three cases were diagnosed with histological confirmation by transsphenoidal surgery, and the patients showed remarkable improvement with postoperative pulse dose steroid therapy, including disappearance of abnormal signal intensities in the bilateral hypothalami on magnetic resonance imaging, resolution of severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery, and normalization of swollen pituitary tissues. Two of 3 cases fulfilled the histological criteria of immunoglobulin G4-related disease, although none of the patients had high serum immunoglobulin G4 level. CONCLUSION: The true implications of such unusual spreading of hypophysitis to nearby organs are not fully understood, but the mechanism of occurrence might vary according to the timing of inflammation in this unusual mode of spreading. Pulse dose steroid therapy achieved remarkably good outcomes even in the patient with progressive severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery and rapid visual deterioration.

Compression neuropathy caused by cancer metastasis to the optic nerve canal.

BACKGROUND: Cancerous cells are known to metastasize to different ocular structures. This happens especially to the choroid in males with lung cancer and females with breast cancer. However, we observed two cases of cancerous metastasis to the optic canal region. Both cases showed only a progressive decrease in vision without any other remarkable ophthalmological symptoms or abnormalities in the affected eye. CASE PRESENTATION: Two females, a 60-year-old and a 73-year-old, came to our hospital because of progressive loss of vision. These patients showed no remarkable symptoms or signs in their eyes except visual acuity loss. Several ophthalmoscopic examinations, such as slit lamp microscopy and fundoscopy, showed no abnormal changes in their affected eye but magnetic resonance imaging indicated a massive legion around the optic nerve. CONCLUSION: It is possible for cancer to metastasize to the optic canal region and the existence of primary tumors should be considered.

Femtosecond laser-assisted keyhole endokeratophakia: correction of hyperopia by implantation of an allogeneic lenticule obtained by SMILE from a myopic donor.

PURPOSE: To describe endokeratophakia in which a small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) lenticule from a myopic patient is implanted into a recipient eye through a small incision to correct hyperopia. METHODS: A 23-year-old aphakic woman presented following cataract surgery to remove a childhood congenital cataract with hyperopia of +12.00 -1.50 × 155, corrected distance visual acuity of counting fingers, and exotropia. A SMILE procedure using the VisuMax femto-second laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) was performed on a donor patient with high myopia and the extracted lenticule was stored (power -10.50 diopter sphere, optical zone 5.75 mm, central lenticule thickness 127 µm). In the recipient eye, a pocket lamellar incision was created using the VisuMax SMILE software. The upper interface was separated and the donor lenticule was inserted through the small incision. RESULTS: One year postoperatively, retinoscopy refraction was +7.50 -3.00 × 150, a spherical equivalent refraction reduction of 5.25 diopters. Mean keratometric power increased by 2.91 diopters. The posterior surface elevation changed significantly with a central bulge into the anterior chamber. Central corneal thickness by Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) increased by 121 µm. Central lenticule thickness was 130 µm and central epithelial thickness was 43 µm measured by RTVue OCT (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA). The cornea remained clear over the 1-year postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Endokeratophakia appears to be a viable procedure for correcting hyperopia on the cornea by implantation of an extracted myopic SMILE lenticule from a donor patient. However, posterior surface changes and epithelial remodeling resulted in only 50% of the intended correction. No adverse side effects were observed following implantation of donor tissue for 1 year.